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The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual Caribbean festival event that has taken place in London since 1966
, Notting Hill Carnival '13, London Notting Hill Enterprises Trust. on the streets of the
Notting Hill
Notting Hill is a district of West London, England, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Notting Hill is known for being a cosmopolitan and multicultural neighbourhood, hosting the annual Notting Hill Carnival and Portobello Road M ...
area of
Kensington
Kensington is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in the West End of London, West of Central London.
The district's commercial heart is Kensington High Street, running on an east–west axis. The north-east is taken up b ...
, each August over two days (the August
bank holiday Monday and the preceding Sunday).
It is led by members of the
British Caribbean community, and attracts around two and a half million people annually, making it one of the world's largest street festivals, and a significant event in
British African Caribbean and
British Indo-Caribbean culture.
In 2006, the UK public voted it onto a list of icons of England.
History
The roots of the Notting Hill Carnival that took shape in the mid-1960s had two separate but connected strands. A "Caribbean Carnival" was held on 30 January 1959 in
St Pancras Town Hall as a response to the problematic state of
race relations
Race relations is a sociological concept that emerged in Chicago in connection with the work of sociologist Robert E. Park and the Chicago race riot of 1919. Race relations designates a paradigm or field in sociology and a legal concept in the ...
at the time; the UK's first widespread racial attacks, the
Notting Hill race riots
The Notting Hill race riots were a series of racially motivated riots that took place in Notting Hill, England, between 29 August and 5 September 1958.
Background
Following the end of the Second World War, as a result of the losses during the wa ...
in which 108 people were charged,
had occurred the previous year. The 1959 event, held indoors and televised by the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
, was organised by the Trinidadian journalist and activist
Claudia Jones (often described as "the mother of the Notting Hill Carnival") in her capacity as editor of influential black newspaper ''
The West Indian Gazette'', and directed by
Edric Connor; showcasing elements of a Caribbean carnival in a cabaret style, it featured among other things the
Mighty Terror singing the calypso "Carnival at St Pancras",
The Southlanders,
Cleo Laine, the Trinidad All Stars and Hi–fi steel bands dance troupe, finishing with a Caribbean Carnival Queen beauty contest and a Grand Finale Jump-Up by West Indians who attended the event.
Another important strand was the "
hippie"
London Free School-inspired
festival
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival ...
in Notting Hill that became the first organised outside event, in August 1966. The prime mover was
Rhaune Laslett
Rhaune Laslett (15 November 1919 – 28 April 2002) was a community activist and the principal organiser of the Notting Hill Fayre or Festival, that evolved into the Notting Hill Carnival.
Biography
Rhaune Laslett was born Freda Pulverness  i ...
, who was not aware of the indoor events when she first raised the idea. This festival was a more diverse Notting Hill event to promote cultural unity. A street party for neighbourhood children turned into a carnival procession when
Russell Henderson's steel band (who had played at the earlier Claudia Jones events) went on a walkabout.
By 1970, "the Notting Hill Carnival consisted of 2 music bands, the Russell Henderson Combo and
Selwyn Baptiste's Notting Hill Adventure Playground Steelband and 500 dancing spectators."
Duke Vin, full name Vincent George Forbes,
is credited as being a co-founder of Notting Hill Carnival, having brought the first sound system to the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
in 1955 when he was a stowaway on a ship from
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
to the United Kingdom,
and brought what is thought to be the very first sound system to the Notting Hill Carnival in 1973, which paved the way for the many sound systems that operate at carnival today.
Duke Vin became a legend in Ladbroke Grove and had a huge influence on the popularisation of reggae and ska in Britain, and played at Notting Hill Carnival with his sound system, ‘Duke Vin the Tickler’s’,
every year from the year it was founded until his death in 2012.
Emslie Horniman's Pleasance
Emslie Horniman's Pleasance is a park in Kensal Town, in the Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. It is named after Emslie John Horniman the MP for Chelsea (of which Kensal Town was then an exclave) who created it. It opened in 1914. The p ...
(in the
Kensal Green district of the area), has been the carnival's traditional starting point.
Among the early bands to participate were Ebony Steelband and Metronomes Steelband.
["How Carnival was developed in Britain?"]
Carnival in Education. . As the carnival had no permanent staff and head office, the
Mangrove restaurant in Notting Hill, run by another Trinidadian,
Frank Crichlow, came to function as an informal communication hub and office address for the carnival's organisers.
, who was director from 1973 to 1975, is credited with "getting sponsorship, recruiting more steel bands, reggae groups and sound systems, introducing generators and extending the route." He encouraged traditional masquerade, and for the first time in 1973 costume bands and steel bands from the various islands took part in the street parade, alongside the introduction of stationary sound systems, as distinct from those on moving floats, which, as
Alex Pascall
Alex Pascall, OBE (born November 1936), is a British broadcaster, journalist, musician, composer, oral historian and educator. Based in Britain for more than 50 years, he was one of the developers of the Notting Hill Carnival, is a political ca ...
has explained, "created the bridge between the two cultures of carnival, reggae and calypso." "Notting Hill Carnival became a major festival in 1975 when it was organised by a young teacher, Leslie Palmer."
The carnival was also popularised by live radio broadcasts by Pascall on his daily ''Black Londoners'' programme for
BBC Radio London.
By 1976, the event had become definitely Caribbean in flavour, with around 150,000 people attending. However, in that year and several subsequent years, the carnival was marred by riots, in which predominantly Caribbean youths fought with police – a target due to the continuous harassment the population felt they were under.
During this period, there was considerable press coverage of the disorder, which some felt took an unfairly negative and one-sided view of the carnival. For a while it looked as if the event would be banned.
Prince Charles was one of the few establishment figures who supported the event.
campaigned for
Arts Council England
Arts Council England is an arm's length non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. It is also a registered charity. It was formed in 1994 when the Arts Council of Great Britain was divided into three s ...
to recognise the Notting Hill Carnival as an art form. Since 1978 the
national Panorama competition is held on the Saturday preceding the carnival.
Concerns about the size of the event resulted in London's then mayor,
Ken Livingstone, setting up a Carnival Review Group to look into "formulating guidelines to safeguard the future of the Carnival". An interim report by the review resulted in a change to the route in 2002. When the full report was published in 2004, it recommended that
Hyde Park
Hyde Park may refer to:
Places
England
* Hyde Park, London, a Royal Park in Central London
* Hyde Park, Leeds, an inner-city area of north-west Leeds
* Hyde Park, Sheffield, district of Sheffield
* Hyde Park, in Hyde, Greater Manchester
Austra ...
be used as a "savannah" (an open space to draw crowds away from residential areas),
[''Notting Hill Carnival: A Strategic Review'']
Greater London Authority, June 2004. though the proposal of such a move attracted concerns, including that the Hyde Park event might overshadow the original street carnival.
[Alice-Azania Jarvis]
''The Independent'', 26 August 2010.
In 2003, the Notting Hill Carnival was run by a
limited company
In a limited company, the liability of members or subscribers of the company is limited to what they have invested or guaranteed to the company. Limited companies may be limited by Share (finance), shares or by guarantee. In a company limited by ...
, the Notting Hill Carnival Trust Ltd. A report by the
London Development Agency
The London Development Agency (LDA) was from July 2000 until 2012 the regional development agency for the London region in England. A functional body of the Greater London Authority, its purpose was to drive sustainable economic growth within ...
on the 2002 Carnival estimated that the event contributed around £93 million to the
London and UK economy, set against an estimated £6–10 million costs.
However, the 2016 residents' survey commissioned by local Conservative
Member of Parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
(MP)
Victoria Borwick
Victoria Lorne Peta Borwick, Baroness Borwick (''née'' Poore, 26 April 1956) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she served as the Member of Parliament for Kensington from 2015 to 2017, losing her seat and becoming t ...
found that while 6% of businesses reported an upturn in trade, many others boarded up their shopfronts and lost business due to closure.
For 2014, a Notting Hill Carnival illustrated guide was created by official city guide to London visitlondon.com. The infographic includes Carnival tips, transport information and a route map. The book ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'', by Ishmahil Blagrove and
Margaret Busby, was also published in August 2014 by Rice N Peas.
In 2015 there was controversy when the Carnival Trust charged journalists £100 to cover the event, and demanded copies of all work produced relating to the event within three weeks of the end of the Carnival. The
National Union of Journalists
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a trade union for journalists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded in 1907 and has 38,000 members. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ).
Structure
There is ...
organised a boycott of the event. In 2016 the charge remained; however, in June 2017, the Carnival's new event management team introduced a revised media policy, with no request for any accreditation fees.
In 2016, when the Golden Jubilee of Notting Hill Carnival was celebrated, 42 hours of live video coverage was broadcast by music live-streaming platform
Boiler Room from the Rampage, Deviation, Aba Shanti-I, Channel One, Nasty Love, Saxon Sound, King Tubbys, Gladdy Wax and Disya Jeneration soundsystems.
The 2020 carnival was cancelled due to the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
, although free live-streamed events were shown online across four channels. On 18 June 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Carnival would not take place either, due to "ongoing uncertainty and Covid-19 risk".
In 2022, Notting Hill Carnival returned after two-year hiatus. It started with a run to remember 72 victims of the
Grenfell Tower fire from 2017.
Culture of the carnival
Professor
David Dabydeen
David Dabydeen (born 9 December 1955) is a Guyanese-born broadcaster, novelist, poet and academic. He was formerly Guyana's Ambassador to UNESCO (United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organisation) from 1997 to 2010 and the youngest Memb ...
has stated:
Carnival is not alien to British culture. Bartholomew Fair
The Bartholomew Fair was one of London's pre-eminent summer charter fairs. A charter for the fair was granted to Rahere by Henry I to fund the Priory of St Bartholomew; and from 1133 to 1855 it took place each year on 24 August within the preci ...
and Southwark Fair in the 18th century were moments of great festivity and release. There was juggling, pickpocketing, whoring, drinking, masquerade – people dressed up as the Archbishop of Canterbury
The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justi ...
and indulged in vulgar acts. It allowed people a space to free-up but it was banned for moral reasons and for the antiauthoritarian behaviour that went on like stoning of constables. Carnival allowed people to dramatise their grievances against the authorities on the street... Notting Hill Carnival single-handedly revived this tradition and is a great contribution to British cultural life."[Professor David Dabydeen (August 2010)]
"Notting Hill Carnival"
Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies, University of Warwick
, mottoeng = Mind moves matter
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £7.0 million (2021)
, budget = £698.2 million (2020â ...
. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
This huge street festival attracts around one million people every year to Notting Hill and highlights Caribbean and Black diasporic cultures. Carnival uses influences from many other festivals around the world. Authors
Julian Henriques
Julian Henriques (born 1951) is a British filmmaker, researcher, writer and academic. He is a professor at Goldsmiths, University of London, in the Media and Communications Department, with his particular research interests being culture, technolo ...
and Beatrice Ferrara claim the festival draws mainly on the
Trinidad Carnival as well as
Crop Over
Crop Over is a traditional harvest festival which began in Barbados, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during slavery.
History
The original crop-over tradition began in 1687 as a way to mark the end of the yearly harves ...
, Canadian
Caribana
The Toronto Caribbean Carnival, formerly known as Caribana, is a festival of Caribbean culture and traditions held each summer in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a pan-Caribbean Carnival event and has been billed as North America ...
in Toronto and the US
Labor Day Festival in Brooklyn. They also explain that Notting Hill Carnival is dually influenced by its diasporic cultures and its own country's influences. Henriques and Ferrara claim: "Carnival also has an explosive auditory impact due to its cacophony of sounds, in which
soca, steel bands, calypso floats and sound systems mix and mingle in a multi-media and multi-sensory event" (Ferrara 132). This mixture of percussion, with emphasis on the beat and rhythm, leads to the extreme dancing in the streets for which Carnival is known, with citizens participating to the beat of the music, using mud and paint, dancing with the lower parts of the body. Henriques and Ferrara explain that people emphasize the "baseness" of the music, with everything being about the "bottom": the ground, the bottom of the body, and the bottom of the beat. The festival uses influences from the Jamaican dancehalls and British clubs, and the music is made loud enough for participants to feel the beat. The vibrations from the speakers allow people to better connect with the ground and bring their experience to another level.
The authors of the same article further explain how Notting Hill Carnival also creates "territory". The parade route portion of the Carnival is where carnival floats play both recorded and live music and circulate the street, visualizing the boundaries of Carnival and marking its territory. The circulating movement of the Carnival parade is also an extending of space through sound. Territorializing the space through sounds of African beats, such as the pan, fosters a sense of identity and unity for the overall Carnival.
[Henriques, Julian, and Beatrice Ferrara, "The Sounding of Notting Hill Carnival: Music as Space, Place and Territory."]
The Carnival further diversified in 1984 with the appearance of the London School of Samba. Formed in that year, they were the first samba school in the UK and have paraded every year since (with the exception of 1992). Other samba schools have also paraded in Carnival, notably Acadêmicos de Madureira (1992–94), Quilombo do Samba (1993–2006) and the Paraiso School of Samba (since 2002). These groups are also notable as they sometimes parade with more than 200 performers, along with several decorated floats.
Media coverage
Compared to other major music and art events such as
Glastonbury Festival, Notting Hill Carnival has historically struggled to gain any live coverage outside of local media. The majority of carnival live broadcasts have been traditionally on
BBC London
BBC London is the BBC English Region producing local radio, television, teletext and online services in London and parts of the surrounding area. Its output includes the daily ''BBC London News'' and weekly '' Sunday Politics'' on television, ...
radio
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ...
(hitting a peak of coverage in the years of 2003 and 2004), and on
BBC Radio 1Xtra in more recent years.
Public order
Since the carnival did not have local authority permission, initial police involvement was aimed at preventing it taking place at all, which resulted in regular confrontation and riots. In 1976, the police had been expecting hostility due to what they deemed as trouble the year before. Consequently, after discovering pickpockets in the crowd, police took a heavy-handed approach against the large congregation of black people and it became "no-man's land". The 1600-strong police force violently broke up the carnival, with the arrest of 60 people. In the aftermath of the event, the carnival was portrayed in a very pointed way, with those aiding the riots lumped together as the "trouble-makers" responsible.
After the 1976 Notting Hill Carnival the
Police Federation pressed for the introduction of riot shields to protect police from objects thrown at them, although the shields also had the potential for aggressive use, as in 1977.
A change of policy came after a confrontation in 1987, when the Carnival was allowed to take place with police adopting a more conciliatory approach. During the 2000 Carnival, two men were murdered; and future policing, while conciliatory, resulted in police deployment in large numbers: upwards of 11,000.
The
Mayor of London
The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority. The role was created in 2000 after the Greater London devolution referendum in 1998, and was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom.
The current m ...
's Carnival Review Group's report (published in 2004,
[) led to the parades taking a circular rather than linear route, but a recommendation to relocate the event in ]Hyde Park
Hyde Park may refer to:
Places
England
* Hyde Park, London, a Royal Park in Central London
* Hyde Park, Leeds, an inner-city area of north-west Leeds
* Hyde Park, Sheffield, district of Sheffield
* Hyde Park, in Hyde, Greater Manchester
Austra ...
has been resisted.[ Some crimes associated with the carnival have taken place on its periphery: in 2007, two teenagers were wounded in separate shooting incidents just outside the carnival area on the Monday evening; however, police said there had been a decline in the number of carnival-linked arrests in comparison with the previous year.
The 2008 Carnival was marred by rioting at the very end of the weekend, involving about 40 youths battling with police, and more than 300 people were arrested. The carnival has come under criticism for its cost to the London taxpayer, with the cost of policing the event more than £6,000,000; however, it is argued that this should be put into context since the carnival is estimated to bring approximately £93,000,000 into the local economy.]Ladbroke Grove
Ladbroke Grove () is an area and a road in West London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, passing through Kensal Green and Notting Hill, running north–south between Harrow Road and Holland Park Avenue.
It is also a name given ...
. The victim was one of 86 people who were taken to hospital. In total 245 people were detained by police over the two days of the carnival.
In recent years, there has been much less serious trouble, and it is generally viewed very positively by the authorities as a dynamic celebration of London's multicultural diversity, though dominated by the Caribbean culture. However, there has been controversy over the public safety aspects of holding such a well-attended event in narrow streets in a small area of London. A survey in 2016 commissioned by local Conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
MP Victoria Borwick
Victoria Lorne Peta Borwick, Baroness Borwick (''née'' Poore, 26 April 1956) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she served as the Member of Parliament for Kensington from 2015 to 2017, losing her seat and becoming t ...
found that "Nine out of ten residents living along the route of the Notting Hill Carnival flee their homes to escape the 'frightening and intimidating' event."[Pippa Crerar]
"Notting Hill Carnival is 'frightening and drives residents from their homes'"
''London Evening Standard'', 5 July 2016.
In 2016 there were over 450 arrests, and five people were hurt in four knife attacks; however, the commander in charge of policing carnival, David Musker, said that the number of arrests had been inflated by the new Psychoactive Substances Act 2016
The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (c. 2) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to restrict the production, sale and supply of a new class of psychoactive substances often referred to as "legal highs". The bill was given R ...
.Glastonbury
Glastonbury (, ) is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated at a dry point on the low-lying Somerset Levels, south of Bristol. The town, which is in the Mendip district, had a population of 8,932 in the 2011 census. Glastonbur ...
or other music festivals are comparable, and Ishmahil Blagrove, co-author of the book ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'', states: "Notting Hill Carnival, compared to Trinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...
or Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, is one of the safest in the world."Lee Jasper
Lee Jasper (born 4 November 1958) is a British politician and activist. He served as Senior Policy Advisor on Equalities to the then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone until he resigned on 4 March 2008. More recently, he stood as the Respect Party ...
, criticised authorities for not addressing safety issues involved in over a million people attending a small inner-city residential area, quoting the Met Police spokesman Dave Musker, who in November 2016 said: "Each year … we come exceptionally close to a major catastrophic failure of public safety where members of the public will suffer serious injury."
In the three weeks running up to the 2017 event, the police made 656 arrests, a pre-emptive crackdown.[Jamie Grierson and Damien Gayle]
"Notting Hill carnival arrests down after controversial crackdown"
''The Guardian'', 29 August 2017. There were 313 arrests during the two days of the 2017 Carnival, compared with 454 the previous year.machine pistol
A machine pistol is an autoloading pistol capable of fully automatic fire. The term can also be used to describe a stockless handgun-style submachine gun. The term is a calque of ''Maschinenpistole'', the German word for submachine guns. Ma ...
"for showing disrespect"; in 2005, three men were jailed for life for his murder.
* 29 August 2022 – 21-year-old man was stabbed and taken to a west London hospital where he died. The victim was identified as rapper Takayo Nembhard, also known as TKorStretch.
Transport
Transport for London run special limited-stop bus services from South London to the Carnival area:
*2X from West Norwood and Brixton
*36X from Peckham and Camberwell
*436X from Peckham and Camberwell
Some London Underground stations close or are exit-only to ease congestion.
Image gallery
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2005 012.jpg, Mas parade, Carnival 2005
File:DSF3911 (226577260).jpg, Mas parade, Carnival 2006
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2007 004.jpg, Steel pan drums on float, Carnival 2007
File:Notting Hill Carnival (7883238816).jpg, Carnival goers on the main drag, Carnival 2012
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2013.jpg, Mas parade, Carnival 2013
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (20408408623).jpg, Setting up a sound system, Carnival 2014
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (20445611334).jpg, Jerk chicken and corn street food, Carnival 2015
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2015 (21029459705).jpg, Float parade, Carnival 2015
File:Notting Hill Carnival (29319282205).jpg, Mas parade, Carnival 2016
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2017 (3).jpg, Mas parade, Carnival 2017
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2018 (1).jpg, Notting Hill Carnival 2018
File:Notting Hill Carnival 2019 (6).jpg, Notting Hill Carnival 2019
See also
* Leeds West Indian Carnival
The Leeds Carnival, also called the Leeds West Indian Carnival or the Chapeltown Carnival, is one of the longest running British African-Caribbean community, West Indian carnivals in Europe, having been going since 1967. The carnival is held in ...
(also known as the "Chapeltown Carnival")
* St Pauls Carnival
St. Paul's Carnival is an annual Caribbean Carnival held, usually on the first Saturday of July, in St Paul's, Bristol, St. Paul's, Bristol, England. The celebration began in 1968 , Bristol
* Culture of London
References
Further reading
* Abner Cohen, "Drama and Politics in the Development of a London Carnival", in Ronald Frankenberg
Ronald Frankenberg (20 October 1929 – 20 November 2015) was a British anthropologist and sociologist, known for his study of conflict and decision-making in a Welsh village. He also contributed to the development of medical anthropology.
Fra ...
(ed.), ''Custom and Conflict in British Society'', Manchester University Press, 1982, pp. 313–44.
* Ishmahil Blagrove and Margaret Busby (eds), ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'', London: Rice N Peas Books, 2014. .
External links
*
"The Official Guide to Notting Hill Carnival"
Street Event Company.
Notting Hill Carnival
at CarnivalInfo.com
*
*
"The art(s) of Carnival"
Arts Council England
Arts Council England is an arm's length non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. It is also a registered charity. It was formed in 1994 when the Arts Council of Great Britain was divided into three s ...
podcast on 50th anniversary of Notting Hill Carnival, 2016. Soundcloud. See als
"Notting Hill Carnival celebrates golden jubilee"
Arts Council England, 24 August 2016.
London School Of Samba – Notting Hill Carnival Archive
– The themes paraded by the London School of Samba since their debut year in 1984.
{{Carnival around the world
Afro-Caribbean culture in London
Carnivals in the United Kingdom
Festivals in London
Annual events in London
Parades in London
Black British culture in London
Recurring events established in 1965
1966 establishments in England
Carnival
Music festivals established in 1966
August events
Festivals of multiculturalism
Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom
Summer events in England
Festivals of Caribbean culture abroad